International Union 

OF 

American Republics 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 

RECEIVED 

AUG 81901 

DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS. 



O^rrf' "^-^-^-.-e-^it,..^. .'■ . ..^O^^jt OC^u 



J 









International Union 



OF 



American Republics 






WASHINGTON, D. C, U. S. A. 
1901 

Ll\3 



r7 



uhj 




MCMl 

PRESS OF W. F. ROBERTS 
WASHINGTON 



l(^ 












executive eomtnittee of tbe Tnternational Union of 
Jlmerican Republics. 



Honorable JOHN HAY, Secretary of State of the United 
States, Chairman ex-officio. 

Senor DON FERNANDO E. GUACHALLA. 

Senor DON CARLOS MARTINEZ SILVA 

Senor DON JOAQUIN BERNARDO CALVO. 

Senor DON LUIS FELIPE CARBO. 

Director: 
WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL. 

Secretary: 
Dr. HORACIO GUZMAN. 



Chief Clerk: 
WILLIAMS C. FOX. 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Presidents of tbe Httiericdii Republics. 



COUNTRIES. 


NAMES. 


EXECUTIVE RESIDENCE. 


Argentine Republic... 
Bolivia 


Sefior Don Julio A. Roca 


Buenos Ayres. 
La Paz. 


Senor Don Jose Manuel Pando 


Brazil 


Senhor Don M. F. de Campos Salles.... 
Sefior Don Federico Errazuris 


Rio de Janeiro. 

Santiago. 

Bogota. 

San Jose. 

Quito. 

Guatemala City. 

Port au Prince. 


Chile 


Colombia 


Sefior Don Jose Manuel Marroquin 

Sefior Don Rafael Iglesias 




Ecuador 


Sefior Don Eloy Alatro 


Guatemala 


Seiior Don Manuel Estrada Cabrera 

Monsieur T. Simon Sam 

Sefior Don Terencio Sierra 


Haiti 


Honduras 


Tegucigalpa. 
City of Mexico. 
Managua. 
Asuncion. 




Sefior Don Porfirio Diaz 


Nicaragua 

Paraguay 

Peru 


Sefior Don Jose Santos Zelaya 


Senor Don Emilio Aceval 


Sefior Don Eduardo Lopez de Romaiia.. 


Lima. 




San Salvador. 


Santo Domingo 

United States 


Seiior Don Juan Isidro Jimenez 


Santo Domingo. 
Washington, D. C. 
Montevideo. 


Mr. William McKinley 


Uruguay 


Sefior Don Juan Lindolfo Cuestas 


Venezuela 


Caracas. 









AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



Catitt-JImerican Representatives in the United States. 



Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 
MEXICO.— Seiior DON MANUEL DE AZPIROZ. 

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC— Senor DON EDUARDO WILDE. 
BOLIVIA.— Senor DON FERNANDO E. GUACHALLA. 
BRAZIL.— Mr. J. F. DE ASSIS BRASIL. 
CHILE.— Senor DON CARLOS MORLA VICUNA. 
COLOMBIA.— Senor DON CARLOS MARTINEZ SILVA. 
COSTA RICA.— Senor DON JOAQUIN BERNARDO CALVO. 
ECUADOR.— Senor DON LUIS FELIPE CARBO. 
GUATEMALA.— Senor DON ANTONIO LAZO ARRIAGA. 
HAITI.— Mr. J. N. LEGER. 
NICARAGUA.— Senor DON LUIS F. COREA. 
PERU.— Senor DON MANUEL ALVAREZ CALDERON. 
SALVADOR.— Senor Dr. DON RAFAEL ZALDfVAR. 
URUGUAY.— Senor Dr. DON JUAN CUESTAS. 

Charges D'affaires. 
SANTO DOMINGO.— Senor DON FCO. LEONTE VASQUEZ. 
VENEZUELA.— Senor DON AUGUSTO F. PULIDO. 

Consuls-General. 
HONDURAS.— NICANOR BOLET PERAZA. 
PARAGUAY.— Honorable JOHN STEWART. 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Unitea States Kepresentatlvcs in tbe Catin^Jltiiericdn 
Republics. 



Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 
MEXICO.— POWELL CLAYTON, City of Mexico. 

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC— W. P. LORD, Buenos Ayres. 

BOLIVIA.— GEORGE H. BRIDGMAN, La Paz. 

BRAZIL.— CHARLES PAGE BRYAN, Rio de Janeiro. 

CHILE.— HENRY L. WILSON, Santiago. 

COLOMBIA.— CHARLES BURDETT HART, Bogata. 

COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA AND SALVADOR.— 

WILLIAM L. MERRY, San Jose. 

ECUADOR.— ARCHIBALD J. SAMPSON, QyiTO. 

GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.— 

W. GODFREY HUNTER, Guatemala City. 

HAITI (also Charge d' Affaires, Santo Domingo). — 

WILLIAM F. POWELL, Port au Prince. 

PERU.— IRVING B. DUDLEY, Lima. 

URUGUAY AND PARAGUAY.— 

WILLIAM R. FINCH, Montevideo. 

VENEZUELA.— FRANCIS B. LOOMIS, Caracas. 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF THE INTER- 
NATIONAL UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 



COUNTRIES. 


NAMES. 


RESIDENCES. 


Argentine Republic . 


Seiior Dr. Don Estanislao S. Zeballos... 


Buenos Ayres. 


Bolivia 


Sefior Don Manuel V. Ballivian* 


La Paz. 


Brazil 


Dezembargador Antonio Bezerra 


Para. 


Chile 


Sefior Don Moises Varagas 


Santiago. 
San Jose. 
Quito. 

Guatemala City. 
Guatamala City. 


Costa Rica 


Sefior Don Manuel Aragon 


Ecuador 


Sefior Don Francisco Andrade Marin ... 

Sefior Don Antonio Batresjauregui 

Sefior Don Rafael Montufar 


Guatemala 




Haiti 


Monsieur Georges Sylvain 


Honduras 


Seilor Don E. Constantino Fiallos . .. 


Tegucigalpa. 
City of Mexico. 
City of Mexico. 


Mexico 


Sefior Don Francisco L. de la Barra 




Sefior Don Antonio Garcia Cubas 




Sefior Don Fernando Ferrari Perez 


City of Mexico. 


Nicaragua 


Sefior Don Jose D. Gamez 


Managua. 


Paraguay 


Sefior Don Jose S. Decoud 


Peru 


Sefior Don Alejandro Garland 




Salvador 


Sefior Dr. Don Salvador Gallegos . 




Santo Domingo 


Seiior Don Jose Gabriel Garcia t 


Santo Domingo. 


Uruguay 


Sefior Don Jose I. Schiaffino 


Venezuela 


Sefior General Don Manuel Landaeta 
Rosales. 









* Honorary Corresponding Member of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, 
t Corresponding Member of the Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela. 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



LIST OF DELEGATES 

TO THE 

INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE 
1889-1890.* 



President, JAMES G. BLAINE. 

secretaries: 
H. Remsen Whitehouse. 
Fidel G. Pierra. 
Jose Ion agio Rodriguez, (succeeding Mr. Pierra). 

HAITI Arthur Laforestrie. 

Hannibal Price. 

NICARAGUA Horacio Guzman. 

PERU Felix C. C. Zegarra. 

GUATEMALA Fernando Cruz. 

URUGUAY Alberto Nin. 

COLOMBIA Jose M. Hurtado. 

Carlos Martinez Silva. 

Climaco Calderon. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: Roque Saenz Pena. 
Manuel Quintana. 

COSTA RICA Manuel Aragon. 

PARAGUAY .Jose S. Decoud. 

BRAZIL ; Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira. 

J. G. do Amaral Valente. 

Salvador de Mendonqa. 

HONDURAS: Jeronimo Zelaya. 

MEXICO Matias Romero. 

Enrique A. Mexia. 

BOLIVIA Juan F. Velarde. 

UNITED STATES John B.Henderson. 

Cornelius N. Bliss. 

Clement Studebaker. 

T. Jefferson Coolidge. 

William Henry Trescott. 

Andrew Carnegie. 

Morris M. Estee. 

John F. Hanson. 

Henry G. Davis. 

Charles R. Flint. 

VENEZUELA Nicanor Bolet Peraza. 

Jose Andrade. 
Francisco Antonio Silva. 

CHILE Emilio C. Varas. 

Jose Alfonso. 

SALVADOR Jacinto Castellanos. 

ECUADOR Jose Maria Placido Caamano. 



♦Arranged in order of precedence, as determined bv lot. 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



I. The Bureau of the American Republics 
II. The Next Pan-American Conference 



These articles are reproduced from the "Forum" of September 

and November, 1900, by courteous permission 

of the Editor of that publication 



/ 



THE BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN 
REPUBLICS. 

ITS PAST AND FUTURE 

THE International American Congress was held in Wash- 
ington in 1889 and 1890 for the purpose of " discussing 
and recommending for adoption to their respective governments 
some plan of arbitration for the settlement of disagreements and 
disputes that may hereafter arise between them, and for con- 
sidering questions relating to the improvement of business 
intercourse and means of direct communication between said 
countries, and to encourage such reciprocal commercial rela- 
tions as will be beneficial to all and secure more extensive 
markets for the products of each of said countries." 

Realizing that one of the essential prerequisites to a closer 
union between the various countries of the Western hemisphere 
was the confidence born of friendship resulting from a closer 
and more general knowledge of the social and economic condi- 
tions obtaining in the various portions of that hemisphere, and 
that improved business intercourse and extended trade relations 
could only come with a more perfect understanding of the 
various commercial methods, laws, local usages, trade regula- 
tions and requirements, as well as a more extended and thor- 
ough knowledge of the products and natural resources of its 
various divisions, the Conference adopted a resolution creating 



€lo$er 
Union 



12 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Cbe Bureau 
6$t<iDli$bea 



an association, under the title of ''Tiie International Union of 
American Republics," for the prompt collection and distribution 
of commercial information. It further resolved that the Union 
should be represented by a Bureau, known as " The Commer- 
cial Bureau of the American Republics,'' to be established in 
the city of Washington, under the supervision of the Secretary 
of State of the United States, and that it should be charged 
with the care of all translations and publications, as well as 
with all correspondence pertaining to the International Union. 
The expenses of this Commercial Bureau were to be shared by 
all the Republics composing the Union. 

This International Union was to continue in force during a 
period of ten years from the date of its organization; and, 
unless twelve months before the expiration of said period a 
majority of the members of the Union should have given to the 
Secretary of State of the United States notice of their wish to ter- 
minate the Union at the end of its first period, the Union should 
continue to be maintained for another period often years and 
thereafter, under the same conditions, for successive periods of 
ten years each. The delegates of eighteen Republics accepted 
the report. The Bureau was duly established in August, 1890; 
and, by disseminating among the people of the United States 
information respecting the resources and business opportunities 
of the Latin American Republics; and, on the other hand, by 
making known to the people of South and Central America the 
many advantages offered to them by the markets of the United 
States, it sprang almost immediately into public favor. 

Though the Conference had defined the purpose of the 
Bureau to be the publication of information relating to cus- 
toms tariffs, port regulations, trade statistics, and such like 
data, and also to act as a medium of communication and cor- 
respondence for persons applying for such information, it was at 
once realized that these limits were too restricted ; that informa- 
tion of a more general nature concerning the natural resources, 
as well as the political, social, and commercial conditions, of 
the respective countries, was so badly needed that the Bureau 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



13 



could not better serve the purpose for which it was founded 
than by trying to dispel the existing widespread ignorance. 
To contribute to this end the Bureau undertook to publish, 
besides the bulletins, tariffs, etc., which it was bound to bring 
out, handbooks to the various countries of Central and South 
America containing general and special information derived 
from official sources concerning the countries, their history, 
geography, resources, constitutions and trade, their mining, 
patent, and land laws, and other information of a useful nature. 

The demand for the publications of the Bureau was very 
great from the first, far exceeding the supply made possible 
under its limited resources. This state of affairs very seriously 
affected its usefulness by preventing many thousands of per- 
sons from securing the information they desired, and to which 
they were entitled. From the establishment of the office until 
October, 1893, the bulletins were distributed gratuituously, and 
the editions of 5,000 and less of each of them were necessarily 
restricted to a few public libraries and commercial organiza- 
tions, and to individuals directly interested in trade with the 
countries to which they referred. The applications for bulle- 
tins from the United States alone during the first year of the 
existence of the Bureau numbered 38,000, and the other Repub- 
lics applied for an almost equal number. 

During the second year the general demand for these publi- 
cations assumed such increased proportions, and so numerous 
did the requests for them from members of Congress for their 
constituents become, that at the first session of the Fifty-second 
Congress special editions of the principal bulletins were ordered 
printed by that body for distribution by Senators and Repre- 
sentatives. Not the least among the applicants for the Bureau's 
publications were the public schools of the United States, whose 
special attention had been directed to the study of Spanish- 
American affairs by the meeting of the International American 
Conference; but it was manifestly impossible fairly to distrib- 
ute the Bureau publications among the public libraries in the 
United States and those in the sister Republics, as well as 



PuWi- 
cafions 



Bulletins 



Special 
editions 



14 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Bulletins 



1)onordry 
Corres- 
ponding 

members 



among the inhabitants of all the Republics interested. In 1893 
the issue of monthly bulletins was inaugurated; the purpose 
being to procure and publish promptly, in English, Spanish, 
Portuguese, or French, information regarding the resources, 
industries, trade, manufactures, and the general progress of the 
several Republics, as well as the possibilities of profit in the 
development of their various industries. 

The "Monthly Bulletin " is now published in an edition of 
1 1,000 copies, of which over 9,000 are sent to the various coun- 
tries of the Union, which, since the entry into it of Chile, in 
1898, includes all the independent states of the Western hemi- 
sphere; the balance being distributed to other parts of the 
world. An extra edition of 5,000 copies has been published 
since July, 1900, by order of Congress, for distribution in the 
United States on the orders of Senators and Representatives. 

To render the " Bulletin " more serviceable, the Bureau has 
endeavored to utilize all useful periodical publications, those of 
Europe as well as those of North and South America. At the 
present time over 1,700 periodicals, including daily papers, are 
received; and all important information contained in them is 
translated, compiled, and published in the "Bulletin" or 
arranged for reference. The more valuable periodicals are put 
on the Library's permanent files, while the others are sent to 
the Library of Congress for its reading room. 

As a further means of extending the Bureau's sources of 
information, and of making the " Bulletin " a true reflex of the 
conditions prevailing in all the countries comprising the Inter- 
national Union, the cooperation has been sought of prominent 
persons in the various Latin-American Republics, in the capacity 
of Honorary Corresponding Members of the International Union. 
These supply the Bureau from time to time with information 
which helps greatly to extend and complete our knowledge of 
the economic conditions and resources of the respective coun- 
tries. 

Beside the handbooks, the " Bulletin " and the various minor 
publications in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, the 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



15 



Bureau has issued in English and Spanish a " Commercial 
Directory of the American Republics, giving lists of manufac- 
turers, merchants, shippers, bankers, etc., engaged in foreign 
trade, together with the names of officials, maps, commercial 
statistics, industrial data, and other information concerning the 
countries of the International Union of American Republics, 
the American colonies, and Hawaii." In accordance with a 
recommendation of the International American Conference — 
that "the Governments of the International Union adopt a com- 
mon nomenclature, designating in alphabetical order and in 
equivalent terms, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, the com- 
modities on which import duties are levied, to be used by all 
the American nations, for the purpose of levying customs 
imports, and also to be used in shipping manifests, consular 
invoices, and other customs documents " — it has also published 
a commercial nomenclature of over 50,000 terms in the three 
languages mentioned. This code, the publication of which was 
only finished in 1897, has been adopted by the United States 
Treasury Department and by the Republic of Paraguay as a 
standard for use in their custom houses, and it is expected that 
other states will also adopt it. 

The Bureau has recently undertaken the preparation of new 
editions of the various handbooks to the Republics, as the 
material progress throughout America since the date of the pub- 
lication of the first editions of these works takes away from 
the value they had when issued. Two have already been pub- 
lished: Venezuela (1899) and Mexico (1900); those on the 
Argentine Republic and Brazil will shortly be on the press; 
while one on Chile is rapidly approaching completion. To add 
to the value of these publications, the Bureau has sought the 
assistance of various writers in the different Republics, whose 
authority on certain questions is universally recognized. 

The Bureau has also in preparation new maps of some of 
the American Republics, compiled from the best official sources, 
on which all data of an economic nature, railways, telegraph 
lines, mining districts, areas of culture, etc., are indicated. The 



Cottitticrcldl 
Directory 



notticn^ 
cidturc 



l)andDooR$ 



i6 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



map of Mexico is about to be issued, while maps of the Central 
IllflPS American states are under way; and it is proposed to issue on 
the same large scale (50 miles to the inch), as soon as com- 
pleted, similar maps of all the South American Republics. 

The necessity of forming a good library, especially of official 
publications, on the American States, was realized by the Con- 
ference which founded the Bureau; and it provided that " two 
copies of all official documents which might pertain to matters 
having relation to the objects of the Union " should be sent to 
the Bureau by each country belonging to the Union. With this 
as a nucleus, the Bureau has built up, by gifts, purchases, or 
exchange, a library of over 6,000 volumes, besides a valuable 

LIDrdrV collection of maps and photographs. It receives at present the 
official newspapers of all the Republics, and most of their period- 
ical publications and scientific magazines. A subject-catalogue 
of the library is being prepared, and in it are noted all works or 
articles to be found in other libraries of Washington. The same 
has been done for the collection of maps. By this means the 
Bureau has become a center of information on all questions 
relating to the States of the Union; and its library is being 
more and more utilized by the public. 

As originally organized, the Bureau was placed "under the 
supervision of the Secretary of State of the United States," but 
no provision was made for other members of the International 
Union taking any part in its management. This resulted in the 
Bureau being looked upon, not only by the public at large, but 
even by the various Republics and their diplomatic representa- 
tives in this country, as a mere annex to the Department of 
State — a purely United States concern — in which the Republics 
BUrCflU ^"'sd practically no interest, though they were pledged to con- 

ItldttddC^ tribute to its support for a stated number of years. As the 
went existence of the Bureau was in danger, Mr. Olney, then Secre- 
tary of State, realizing to the full the great role which the Bureau 
might play in bringing about a closer union of the various states 
of this continent, and believing that it was essential to that end 
that the Bureau should be made international in effect as well as 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



17 



in name, and that the other members of the International Union 
should take an active part in its management, called a meeting 
of the various diplomatic representatives of the Union on April 
I, 1896, to consider with him the subject of the reorganization 
of the Bureau. A committee was appointed to report upon the 
best means of carrying out this object; and on June 4, 1896, it 
submitted its report, which was adopted by all the representa- 
tives. 

The principal change made by this committee was the 
placing at the head of the Bureau a Permanent Executive Com- 
mittee, composed of five members, four to be diplomatic rep- 
resentatives of the nations composing the Union, called to serve £x(CUtil)t 
in turn for one year, the fifth being always the Secretary of gonittlittC^ 
State of the United States, who would be ex-officio Chairman. 
The change worked good, but the experience of the next three 
years having shown the desirability of further extending the 
powers of the Executive Committee, it was agreed on March 
18, 1899, in another conference of the representative members 
of the Union in Washington with Mr. Hay, the Secretary of 
State, that it should have power to appoint the director and 
other principal employes of the Bureau, to fix their salaries, and 
to dismiss them at pleasure. It was also empowered to exer- 
cise a general supervision over the Bureau, and to perfect its CmploycCS 
management, "especially in all matters affecting the particular 
requirements or interest of individual members of the Union, 
the finances, the business features, and the development of the 
various branches of the work of the Bureau, as indicated by the 
International American Conference." The Bureau is now man- 
aged under this organization, and is giving, it is believed, 
satisfaction to all members of the International Union. 

The wisdom shown in creating the Bureau is at present fully 
recognized by all the states of this continent, every one of which 
now takes an active part in promoting its work. In view of ^scfultlCSS 
the services it has been able to render in the past, it is believed of BUfCilU 
that its field of usefulness may be still further extended, and 
that it may be made a yet more potent factor in strengthening 



i8 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Tntcr= 

national 

Conference 



Duties of 
Bureau 



the relations of amity and commerce between tiie various 
Republics of the Western hemisphere. 

Though the first International American Conference, that of 
1889-90, did not accomplish as much as its projectors had hoped 
for, it is believed that the cause of this was principally the 
absence of any permanent agency to carry on after its adjourn- 
ment the work inaugurated or recommended by it. A second 
International Conference is to be held in 1901, in the City of 
Mexico; and, if it is able to accomplish even a portion of the 
work outlined for it, other conferences may follow, and the 
Bureau of American Republics may become the agency to pre- 
vent its work meeting the same fate as that of the first Confer- 
ence. The Bureau might have the custody of the archives of 
the Conferences of the Republics composing the Union, and it 
might conduct with the various governments all the correspond- 
ence relating to the convening of the Conferences, as well as 
that resulting from their deliberations, with the view of putting 
their recommendations into eflfect. It could also be made the 
intermediary, between the Powers composing the Union, for 
the transmission of regular and general notifications concerning 
the objects of the Union; and it could make known to them 
requests on the part of any one of these countries for modifica- 
tions of any general agreements into which the Republics may 
have entered. 

The hope is now entertained by many that Conferences of 
the various states composing the International Union will be 
held at frequent intervals for the discussion of topics of general 
interest, and as a powerful agent for strengthening the bonds 
of friendship between them. In that case the Bureau might be 
charged with the preparation of the business to be submitted 
to the Conferences, and could conduct the copying and printing 
incidental thereto; and the Director of the Bureau might attend 
the sessions of the Conferences, and take part in the discussions, 
without voting. 

The subject of introducing some uniformity in the methods 
of keeping trade statistics is of great importance, and various 



Reports 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS I9 

plans have been suggested to attain this end. It is thought 

that the desired end might be readily reached if each of the 

Republics composing the International Union would transmit 

to the Bureau of the American Republics, at the end of each Statistics 

fiscal year (July i-June 30), on forms printed and supplied by „^^^^5i^ 

the Bureau, uniform for all the countries of the Union, a series 

of statistical data relating to the general and foreign commerce of 

the year. From these data the Bureau could prepare a general 

report on the trade of America for each successive year. The 

Bureau could also be directed to prepare, whenever requested 

by any one of the members of the Union, special reports upon 

financial, commercial, or other questions coming within the 

scope of its labor, and relating to any one of the members of 

the Union. 

The above are a few of the ways in which the Bureau might 

extend its work and further justify the foresight of those who, 

in founding it, thought they were laying the cornerstone of a 

permanent union of American Republics, and contributing to 

an extension of the friendly and commercial relations between 

them. 

WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL, 

Director. 



THE NEXT PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE 

The numerous questions of general interest and common 
benefit to all the republics of America which were considered by 
the International American Conference, held in Washington in 
1889-90, led President McKinley to suggest, in his last annual 
message to Congress, that it seemed expedient that the various 
American republics constituting the International Union should 
be invited, at any early date, to hold another conference. He 
suggested that it should be in the capital ofoneof the countries 
that had not already enjoyed that honor. 

The Mexican Government took up the suggestion at once, 
and it has officially invited the states comprising the Union to 
attend a conference to convene in the capital city of Mexico, 
commencing October 22, 1901. The acceptance of the invita- 
tion by all the nations has been assured, and the meeting of 
the plenipotentiaries promises to be one of great moment. But 
before discussing this phase of the subject it would seem appro- 
priate to take a retrospective glance at the steps which have led 
to the close and intimate relations now existing between the 
peoples of this hemisphere. 

History accords chiefly to Henry Clay the authorship of the 
idea of the solidarity of the interests of all America. It was his 
desire to have that solidarity assume a concrete form in the „f|.?^f 
Congress of Panama, in 1826, which was the first one to be 
held, although the idea to form close connections between the 
Spanish colonies in Central and South America was first 
advanced as early as 1821, at which time these colonies were 



Tnvitation$ 



Panattui 



1)enry €ldv 



22 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

engaged in the struggle for independence against the mother 
country — Spain. It was not long after the independence of 
these colonies had been recognized by the United States that a 
treaty was also negotiated between Colombia and Chile (1822), 
contemplating "the construction of a continental system for 
America." The President of the United States accepted the 
invitation to the Congress of Panama, and in issuing the instruc- 
tions to our delegates Mr. Clay, Secretary of State, said that the 
assembling of the congress would form a new epoch in human 
affairs. "The fact itself," he added further, " whatever may 
be the issue of the conference of such a congress, can not fail 
to challenge the attention of the present generation of the civil- 
ized world and to command that of posterity.'' The United 
States declined, however, to confirm the nomination of the 
delegates. The Panama Congress has been considered a fail- 
ure, the minutes and proctocols having a certain historical value 
only. While in the main true, this is not unqualifiedly the case. 
Its adjournment was not sine die, but to meet again at Tacu- 
baya, a town near the City of Mexico. " A treaty of perpetual 
Union" and several supplemental agreements and conventions 
had been concluded, all of which required the approval of the 
respective Governments in order to become effective. The 
plenipotentiaries desired to explain their work personally and 
defend it in their own countries; and, furthermore, the health 
conditions in Panama were not such as to make a protracted 
stay there desirable. Due notice of the change was given to 
all the Governments represented. 

The United States sent delegates to Tacubaya, but the 
assembly itself never met. The reason why the assembly 
failed to meet was not because of any abandonment of the fun- 
B0li9(ir damental ideas cherished by Bolivar, and set forth in his invita- 
tion to all the Spanish-American nations, but because of the 
failure of the Governments represented therein, especially 
Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, to approve the treaty and its 
appendices framed at Panama. Bolivar himself was opposed 
to certain features of the treaty, and to the transfer of the 



Simon 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



23 



Purposes Of 
Conference 



assembly to Tacubaya; but he submitted it to the Colombian 
congress, and, upon approval by that body, ratified it. The 
plenipotentiaries at Panama fully performed the work with 
which they had been entrusted, and the failure of several of the 
Governments to ratify it constitutes the "failure" of the Con- 
gress. 

The invitation to the Congress of Panama was extended by 
Bolivar, but only to Colombia, Mexico, Central America, the 
United Provinces of Buenos Aires, Chile, and Brazil. Colombia 
and Mexico, however, invited the United States, claiming to 
have conceived the idea of such a conference at or about the 
same time that Bolivar planned the Panama Congress for the 
purpose of uniting Spanish America against Spain. Bolivar 
convened it for military, as well as for political, purposes. With 
the military object the United States could have nothing to do; 
and when the full effects of the Monroe Doctrine were felt the 
necessity for that object ceased. Unhappily for the United 
States the administration of that day did not have the support 
of the country, and a golden opportunity for the establishment 
of close and cordial relations and the creation of commercial 
intercourse was lost. The following extract from "Notes 
upon Foreign Treaties of the United States " throws consider- 
able light upon the situation: 

"In looking back upon the Panama Congress from this 
length of time, it is easy to understand why the earnest and 
patriotic men who endeavored to crystallize an American sys- 
tem for this continent failed. * * * One of the questions 
proposed for discussion in the conference was 'The considera- 
tion of the means to be adopted for the entire abolition of the 
African slave trade,' to which proposition the committee of the 
United States Senate of that day replied: ' The United States Slavery 
have not certainly the right, and ought never to feel the incli- 
nation, to dictate to others who may differ with them upon the 
subject: nor do the committee see the expediency of insulting 
other States, with whom we are maintaining relations of per- 
fect amity, by ascending the moral chair and proclaiming from 



24 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

thence mere abstract principles, of the rectitude of which each 
nation enjoys the perfect right of deciding for itself.' " 

The same committee also alluded to the possibility that the 
condition of the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, still the pos- 

£Ubd 3Hd sessions of Spain, and still slave-holding, might be made the 
Puerto Rico subject of discussion and of contemplated action by the Panama 
Congress. They said: 

" If ever the United States permit themselves to be associ- 
ated with these nations in any general Congress assembled for 
the discussion of common plans, in any way affecting European 
interests, they will, by such act, not only deprive themselves of 
the ability they now possess of rendermg useful assistance to 
the other American States, but also produce other effects preju- 
dicial to their interests." 

The failure of the Congress of Panama neither dampened 
the ardor nor crushed the spirit of Americanism, which it was 
the endeavor of its promoters to instill into the hearts of the 
inhabitantsof this hemisphere, it was Mexico who next moved 
in the matter; and on the date of March 13, 1831, she invited 
the American Republics to meet in a new congress, which, how- 
ever, did not eventuate. Five years later, however, in 1836 
Mexico repeated her efforts, offering the following programme: 
"The union and close alliance of the new States for the 
purpose of defense against foreign invasion, the acceptance of 
friendly mediation of the neutral States for the settlement of all 

Settlement disagreements and disputes of whatever nature which might 
Of Disputes happen to arise between the sister Republics, and the framing 
iind promulgation of a code of public law regulating their mutual 
relations." 

Further invitations were extended by her in 1839 and 1840. 
Jt was not until 1847, however, that the republics of Bolivia, 
Chile, Ecuador, New Granada, and Peru decided to carry out 
the idea; and it was at the first meeting of this congress, at 

nieetind at ^^^^^ ^■^^^ ^^le decision to invite the United States was reached. 
But the scope of the congress — being intended solely to unite 
the Spanish- speaking republics closer and more intimately with 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



25 



each other— could have hardly admitted of our presence there. 
Aside from the fact that the meeting at Lima was to deal entirely 
with Spanish-American interests, the United States were at the 
time at war with their Mexican neighbors. 

The "continental treaty of 1856" was made at Santiago, 
Chile, by the republics of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador; and the 
Government of Peru was authorized to communicate with the 
other Governments and ask them to adhere to its stipulations. 
The Spanish-speaking nations of the American continent were £a|i|| 
again invited by Peru to meet in conference at Lima in 1864. JlttlcriCdtl 
This conference was opened on the 14th of November of that £on$Oli= 
year. The United States were not invited. Here again it was datiOll 
Latin-American consolidationthat was proposed. In 1880 the 
Government of Colombia addressed a circular note to the Gov- 
ernments of the other Spanish-American republics based upon 
Article 3 of the projected treaty between Colombia and Chile, 
having for its object a meeting of plenipotentiaries of all the 
Spanish-American states at Panama in September, 1881. 

This meeting was for the purpose of executing with one 
another an international treaty or convention similar to the one 
executed between Colombia and Chile, and which "thus not 
only established the principles of international representation 
for the determination of any disputes which may arise between 
any of the co-signatory states as a part of the public law of 
this continent, but also provided for the practical obligation of 
these principles by constituting the President of the United 
States the permanent arbitrator under the proposed treaty." 
The Minister of the United States at Bogota, in adverting to 
this subject, said: 

" The correspondence does not disclose the fact that a plen- 
ipotentiary from the United States is invited to join in the exe- posiffon of 
cution of the proposed treaty or convention. This is probably (ItlitCd 
owing to the reason that the position assigned to the Govern- StUUS 
ment of the United States by the proposed treaty is to maintain 
and exercise a friendly and judicial impartiality in the differences 
which may arise between the powers of Spanish-America." 



26 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

The proposed congress of 1881 was not held, war having 
broken out in South America at about the time fixed for the 
meeting. On November 29, 1881, Mr. Blaine, then Secretary 
of State, addressed a circular letter to the United States repre- 
sentatives in the states of Central and South America soliciting 
rosinon OT ^j^^jj. participation in a general Congress to be held in the city 
of Washington in 1882. Mr. Blaine maintained that a grow- 
ing disposition had made itself manifest by certain states of 
Central and South America to refer decisions affecting grave 
questions of international relations and boundaries to arbitration 
rather than to the sword, and that it had been on several occa- 
sions the source of profound satisfaction to the Government of 
the United States to see that this country was in a large meas- 
ure looked to by all the American powers as their friend and 
mediator. Mr. Blaine stated that it was the wish of the Presi- 
dent that the attention of the congress should be strictly con- 
fined to one great object, and that its sole aim was to be to 
seek a way permanently to avert the horrors of cruel and bloody 
contact between countries. It was made very plain that the 
United States did not assume the position of counsellor, and 
that she would not, in any case, attempt, through means of 
Congress, to settle questions dividing any of the countries of 
America; nor was it to be the purpose of the United States to 
prejudge any issues. 

International complications in South America here again 
TnOit(ltiOn$ interfered, and the congress of 1882 was not held, the invita- 
WitbdfdWn rations being withdrawn by Mr. Freylinghuysen; not before, 
however, numerous acceptances had been received, all couched 
in the most friendly terms. A potent factor in securing these 
acceptances was the circumstance that representation was to 
be accorded to all the nations of America. None was to be 
excluded, either because of the peculiarity of its form of govern- 
ment, or on account of its superiority in the possession of the 
elements of power. Moreover, all were to assume the same 
obligations upon a footing of perfect equality. This fact also, 
in the opinion of many, gave to the project originated by Mr. 



montcvideo 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 27 

Blaine a practical importance which was lacking in earlier con- 
ferences. Again, the circumstance that the United States made 
no specifications and proposed no means for preventing war, Definite 
but left it open for the congress itself to determine, gave such PoHCV 
confidence that the proposition was received practically with 
enthusiasm. It was believed that even the calling of such a 
congress had not been without benefit, since the attention of 
the people of the United States, as well as of the republics of 
South America, had been directed to the importance of having 
a definite policy governing their international relations which 
should be satisfactory to all. 

The South American Conference, held in Montevideo in 
1888-89, can hardly be considered as coming within the sphere 
of purely political conferences. It was, moreover, simply a 
convention of Spanish American jurists. 

The several attempts since 1880 to obtain legislative action 
in the United States providing for the holding of an International 
American Conference, while exceedingly interesting, need re- 
ceive but a simple reference here. The bill authorizing such a 
conference was finally passed by both Houses of Congress on W"''*** 
May 10, 1888, and was approved on the 24th of the same month. ^'"•^* 
Upon this latter point some historians have unfortunately erred ^ ^ 
in stating it was announced on May 28 that the bill had become 
a law without the President's approval. An examination of 
the original archives shows that President Cleveland did sign 
the act, thus giving it the full force of his approval, and that he 
did not, as implied by the above statement, hold back the 
instrument until the constitutional ten days elapsed, and thus 
allow it to become law without his sanction. Attention is 
called to this inaccuracy, which was the more unfortunate as 
the inference to be deducted therefrom was, naturally, that 
President Cleveland was not in sympathy with the idea of hold- 
ing the Conference. Moreover, the fact that his distinguished 
opponent for presidential honors, Mr. Blaine, had been the 
author and promoter of the scheme, during a previous and 
politically antagonistic administration, would lend additional 



28 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



Sonaaiity 
of Interests 



Prodrantiiie 

of tDc 

Conference 



weight to such inference. The official act of President Cleve- 
land in signing the bill entirely disposes of this. 

Nothing did more to add lustre to Mr. Blaine's name and 
fame than his aggressive Americanism. In that he was cer- 
tainly above party prejudice, and no less so was Mr. Cleveland. 
Both of our great political parties, when in power, showed a 
practical sympathy for the "solidarity of the interests of all 
America." The invitations to the conference were extended by 
Mr. Bayard to the several Governments of Mexico, Central and 
South America, Haiti, and Santo Domingo. The act provided 
that the President of the United States should set forth that the 
Congress was called to consider: 

(i) Measures that shall tend to preserve and promote the 
prosperity of the several American states; (2) measures toward 
the formation of an American customs union, under which the 
trade of the American nations with one another shall, so far 
as possible and profitable, be promoted; (3) the establishment 
of regular and frequent communication between the ports of 
the several American states and the ports of one another; (4) 
the establishment of a uniform system of customs regulations 
in each of the independent American states to govern the mode 
of importation and exportation of merchandise and port dues 
and charges, a uniform method of determining the classification 
and valuation of such merchandise in the ports of each country, 
and a uniform system of invoices, and the subject of the sani- 
tation of ships and quarantine; (5) the adoption of a uniform 
system of weights and measures, and laws to protect the patent 
rights, copyrights, and trademarks of citizens of either country 
in the other, and for the extradition of criminals; (6) the 
adoption of a common silver coin, to be issued by each Govern- 
ment, the same to be legal tender in all commercial transactions 
between the citizens of all of the American states; (7) an 
agreement upon and recommendation for adoption to their 
respective Governments of a definite plan of arbitration of all 
questions, disputes, and differences, that may now or hereafter 
exist between them, to the end that all difficulties and disputes 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



29 



between such nations may be peaceably settled and wars pre- 
vented; (8) and to consider such other subjects relating to the 
welfare of the several states represented as may be presented 
by any of said states which are hereby invited to participate in 
said conference. 

Wednesday, the second day of October, 1889, was named 
as the day for the convening of the conference. Later the King 
of the Hawaiian Islands was invited to send delegates. All 
the countries accepted the invitation. The congress convened 
on the date appointed. Mr. Blaine opened the deliberations in 
a speech of welcome, which will always remain a model dis- 
course, fitting the subject and occasion. It breathed the spirit 
of Americanism, and reached its climax when he said that it 
was "a conference, in fine, which will seek nothing that is 
not, in the general sense of all the delegates, timely, wise, and 
useful." 

The delegates went enthusiastically to work upon an exten- 
sive programme, embracing every question which could possi- 
bly, either directly or indirectly, bear upon our hemispherical 
conditions and relations. Eighteen committees were appointed 
to deal with the various subjects. Mr. Blaine was chosen 
President; ex-Senator Henderson, President /r^ tempore; Mr. 
Zegarra, of Peru, First Vice-President, and Mr. Romero, of 
Mexico, Second Vice-President. The sessions lasted intermit- 
tently until April 19, 1890. 

International conferences and commissions that frame treat- 
ies revolutionize the world. This cannot, however, be said of 
such as are diplomatic rather than legislative. Those of the 
former category, to which the international American Confer- 
ence of 1890 belonged, nevertheless exert powerful influences 
which are not always shown in the actual and practical results 
obtained. Unquestionably, harmony and understanding 
between the nations of America was secured, and certain things 
were accomplished which the decade following the meeting 
of the conference has demonstrated to be of considerably more 
than sentimental value to all the nations concerned. In the 



Conference 
Convenes 
at masb' 
ington 



Officers 



l)armony 
Secured 



30 



INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 



morkoftbe 
Conference 



Tntedration 
of Hmericd 



first place, an International Union of American Republics was 
formed, with an organ in the shape of a bureau at Washington. 
This has existed for ten years, and its life has been prolonged 
for a further period of ten years. 

The American Monetary Conference was held in Washing- 
ton in 1891. A survey for an intercontinental railway was made, 
and there has been compiled a code of commercial nomencla- 
ture in the English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages, which 
is accepted as a standard. Upon other subjects the debate 
assumed a wide range; and while at times interests clashed, 
the patriotic intent of the several delegates was never for a 
moment questioned. Research and investigation were stimu- 
lated to a degree never before equalled in a similar undertaking. 
The forces that were put to work, and the labor enjoined to 
prepare statistical data for argumentative and other purposes, 
materially increased the general knowledge upon many subjects 
of deep concern to statesmanship and commerce — subjects 
which had to some measure been either neglected or misunder- 
stood for the lack of a proper forum for their full and free dis- 
cussion. The great question of arbitration formed a theme of 
eloquent debate, and an agreement was reached, which was 
recommended for adoption by the several Governments, of a 
definite plan of arbitration of all questions, disputes, and differ- 
ences that might exist, or hereafter exist, between them; and 
there was further recommended a system of arbitration for the 
settlement of all difficulties between the republics of America 
and the nations of Europe. The various committees all made 
reports showing careful investigation and thought, and in such 
cases where they were not unanimous the dissenting opinions 
went on record in the form of a minority report. In a word, 
the conference was a far step toward the integration of America 
along the lines wished for by Bolivar and Clay, and carried 
further toward perfection by the genius of Blaine and his asso- 
ciates. 

It is not unfair to assume that the commercial gathering in 
Philadelphia in 1897, known as the Pan-American Commercial 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 



31 



Congress, was a direct result of its political predecessor in 1890. 
Sixteen countries were represented there either from chambers 
of commerce or other commercial bodies; while several repub- 
lics, notably Mexico and Brazil, sent representatives appointed 
by their chief executives. President McKinley made an address 
at the opening of that congress. Again, the Pan-American 
Exposition, to be held in Buffalo in the summer of 1901, is but 
another link in the chain of events tending to add to the good 
feeling, mutual regard, and benefit. 

After all that has gone before, the congress in the city of 
Mexico will convene under the most pleasant auspices. Its pro- 
gramme has been so mapped out as to include many of the 
subjects treated at the previous conference as well as such new 
ones as may be submitted to it. But, above all, it will be an 
international occasion of the first importance dedicated to inter- 
continental friendship, peace and prosperity. As Mr. Mariscal, 
the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, has aptly said, in ref- 
erence to it: "Not forgetting that civilization came to us from 
Europe, and that the great interests of humanity are one, we 
must confess that in America there are special interests and 
closer bonds between her inhabitants, with fewer international 
complications, to secure the welfare of her peoples." 

It seems peculiarly appropriate that the threshold of the 
twentieth century should witness renewed activity in conserv- 
ing these special interests so forcibly pointed out by the dis- 
tinguished Mexican statesman. 

WILLIAMS CARLTON FOX, 

Chief Clerk. 



Kcsulls 



Publications of tbe Bureau of the JImerican Republics 

1891-1901 

Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau published regularly since 1893, in English, 
Spanish, Portuguese and French. Average, 225 pages. 

Annual reports of the Director: 

iSgr. 1st report. December 16, 1891. 50 pp. 8°. 

1892. 2nd report. January 12, 1893. 76 pp. 8°. 

1893. 3d report. February 15, 1894. 56 pp. English and Spanish, 

English only, with estimate, by Secretary of State, of appropriations for 

Bureau, 1895. (House Ex. Doc. 124, 2nd session. In v. 29.) 

1894. 4th report. February 12, 1895. (English, Spanish and Portuguese.) 

36 pp. 8°. 

February 12, 1895. 

1895. 5th annual report [Bulletin 80]. (English, Spanish and Portuguese.) 

28 pp. 8°. 

1896. 6th annual report of Director. 1896. 1897. 16 pp. [Bulletin 83.] 

1897. 7th annual report of the Director for the year 1897. (English, Spanish 

and Portuguese.) February, 1898. 142 pp. 8°. 

1898. 8th annual report of the Director. December, 1898. 89 pp. 8°. 

1899. 9th annual report of the Director for the year 1899. December, 1899. 

36 pp. 8°. 

1900. loth annual report of the Director for the year 1900. December, 1900. 

37 pp. 8°. 

1. Handbook of the American Republics, No. I. 1891. 50 pp. 

[Out of print. A reprint in No. 2.] 

2. . 2nd edition. 486 pp. lis. 



Patent and trade-mark laws of America. 1891. 48 pp. 

Money, weights and measures of the American Republics. 1891. 12 pp. 

import duties of Mexico. 1891. 46 pp. 8°. 

Foreign commerce of the American Republics. 1891. 171pp. 8°. 

Handbook of Brazil. 1891. 336 pp. 8. 



34 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

8. Import duties of Brazil. 1891 lis, 139 pp. 8°. 

9. Handbook of Mexico. 1891. 247 pp. "s. 

10. Import duties of Cuba and Porto Rico. 1891. V, 114 pp. 8°. 

11. of Costa Rica. 1891. 33 pp. 8°. 

12. of Santo Domingo. 1891. lis, 87 pp. 8°. 

13. Commercial directory of Brazil. 1891. pp. 33-85. 

14. ^ of Venezuela, pp. 313-324. 

15. of Colombia, pp. 95-102. 

16. of Peru. pp. 277-289. 

17. of Chile, pp. 87-94. 

18. of Mexico. 1893. 130 pp. 8°. 

19. of Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay, pp. 31-32, 111-115, 

273-276, 305-311. 

20. Import duties of Nicaragua. 1891. 34 pp. 8°, 

21. of Mexico, (revised) 1891. V, 66 pp. 8°. 

22. of Bolivia. 1891. 51 pp. 8°. 

23. of Salvador. 1891. 39 pp. 8°. 

24. of Honduras. 1891. 11,42 pp. 8°. 

25. of Ecuador. 1891. lis. 12 pp. 8°. 

26. Commercial directory of the Argentine Republic. 1893. 29 pp. 8°. 

27. Import duties of Colombia. 1891. lis, 17 pp. 8°. 

28. Commercial directory of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and 

Salvador, pp. 103-109, 117-123, 129-133, 265-272, 291-300. 

29. of Haiti and Santo Domingo, pp. 125-128, 301-303. 

30. First annual report of the Bureau. 

31. Handbook of Costa Rica. 1892. IV, 146 pp. lis. 

32. of Guatemala. 1892. 194 pp. lis. 

33. of Colombia. 1892. 138 pp. lis. 

34. of Venezuela. 1892. 192 pp. lis. 

35. Breadstuffs in Latin America. 1892. 21 pp. 8°. 

36. Import duties of Venezuela. 1892. 56 pp, 8°. 

37. of British possessions in the West Indies and Spanish America. 

1892. 54 pp. 8°. 

38. Commercial directory of Cuba and Porto Rico. pp. 375-414, 415-422. 

39. of the European colonies, pp, 325-374. 

40. Mines and mining laws of Latin America. 1892. 348 pp. 8°. 

41. Commercial information concerning the American Republics and colonies. 

1892. 286 pp. 8°. 

42. Newspaper directory of Latin America, pp. 423-458. 

43. Import duties of Guatemala. 1892. 84 pp. 8°. 

44. of the United States. 1892. 61 pp. 8°. 

45. of Peru. 1892. lis, 231 pp. 8°. 

46. of Chile. 1892. lis, 274 pp. 8°. 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 35 

47. of Uruguay. 1892. V, 248 pp. 8°. 

48. of the Argentine Republic. 1892. IV, 201 pp, 8°. 

49. of Haiti. 1892, IV, 109 pp. 8°. 

50. Handbook of American Republics. No. 3. 1893. 604 pp, lis. 

(Revisions of Bulletins i and 2.) 

51. of Nicaragua. 1893. 183 pp. "s. 

52. of Santo Domingo. 1892. (Also in Vol. 2. Reprints of publica- 
tions.) 

53. Laws of the American republics relating to immigration and the sale of 

public lands. IV, 199 pp. 8°. 

54. Handbook of Paraguay. (Reprint in v. II.) 
55. of Bolivia. 1893. VI, 413 pp. Map. 

56. Import duties of Guatemala. (Revision of No. 43. Reprint in 

Monthly Bulletin, June, 1894.) 

57. Handbook of Honduras. (Reprint v. 3.) 

58. Handbook of Salvador. (Reprint v, 3.) 
60. Handbook of Peru. (See v. 4.) 

61. of Uruguay. 1893. VI, 347 pp. lis. 

62. of Haiti. 1893. VI, 240 pp. lis. 

63. How the markets of Latin America may be reached. IX, 505 pp. I map. 

64. Handbook of Ecuador. 1882. V, 177 pp. 

67. Handbook of Argentine Republic. 1892. 455 pp. lis. 

68. The Republic of Costa Rica. 1893. 
Consolidated bulletins: 

V. I, pt. I. First annual report; handbook No. 3; Nos. 30, 50, 35. 1883. 

50, 604, 91 pp, lis. 
V. 5, pt I. Tariffs, Nos. 48, 22, 8, 37. 1893. XIX, 201, 255, 139, 54 pp. 
V. 6. Commercial directories of the American Republics. Nos. 13-19, 

26, 28, 29, 38, 39 and 42. 1893. 453 pp. 
Commercial directory of Latin America. 1892. lis, 438 pp. 

69. Manual de las Republicas Americanas. 1891. 509 pp. lis. 

70. Import duties of Peru. 1896. 

71. United States Tariff Act of 1894. 

72. Second annual report of the Director. 1892. January, 1893. 76 pp. 8°. 

73. Third annual report of the Director. February, 1894. 56 pp. (English 

and Spanish.) 

74. Fourth annual report of the Director. 1895. (English, Spanish and Por- 

tuguese.) 36 pp. 8°. 

75. Import duties of the United States. 1897. (English.) 
76. Spanish. 

77. Portuguese. 

78. French. 

79. List of Diplomatic Officers in Latin America. 



36 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

80. Fifth annual report of the Bureau. 

8r. Specifications for a government building in Mexico. 

83. Sixth annual report of the Bureau. 

84. Handbook of Alaska. 

85. Handbook of Hawaii. 

86. List of publications of the Bureau of the American Republics. 

87. Reciprocity and Trade. 1897. 

88. Spanish-American trade. 1897. 

90. Newspaper directory of Latin America. 1897 

91. Commercial directory of the American Republics. 1897-1898. (With 

maps.) 

92. Eighth annual report, 

93. Handbook of Venezuela. (English. Revised edition.) 1899. 
(Spanish.) 

94. Worthington reports. (Chile, Argentine, Brazil and Uruguay). 1899. 
Mexico: A geographical sketch. Economic conditions and prospects of 

future development. 1900. 

Brazil: A geographical sketch, with special reference to economic condi- 
tions. 1901 

International American Conference reports and recommendations, 1890, 
including the reports of the plan of arbitration, reciprocity treaties, inter- 
continental railway, steamship communication, sanitary regulations, 
common silver coin, patents and trade-marks, weights and measures, 
port dues, international law, extradition treaties, international bank, 
memorial tablet, Columbian exposition, i vol. 

International American Conference reports of committees and discussions, 
thereon. 1890. (Revised under the direction of the Executive Com- 
mittee by order of the Conference, adopted March 7, 1890.) 4 vols. 

Intercontinental Railway report. 7 vols. 3 of maps and 4 of text. 

Code of commercial nomenclature, 1897. English, Spanish and Portuguese. 

Spanish, English and Portuguese. 

Portuguese, Spanish and English. 

In course of preparation: 

United States (in the Spanish language), Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, 
Nicaragua. Geographical sketches, with special reference to economic 
conditions. 

Bibliographies Published by the Bureau. 

Mexico. Bibliography and cartography of Mexico. (A brief list for the 
benefit of those desiring a better knowledge of the country, and an index 
to the literature on the subject.) 

Mexico: A geographical sketch. Chapter xx. pp. 350-3S5. 



AMERICAN REPUBLICS 37 

Brazil. A list of books, magazine articles and maps relating to Brazil. 
1800-1900. Prepared by P. Lee Phillips, F. R. G. S., Chief of Division 
of Maps and Charts, Library of Congress. A supplement to the Hand- 
book of Brazil (1901). 

Ready for Publication. 

Chile. List of books, articles in periodicals and maps relating to Chile. 

Central America. A list of books, magazine articles and maps relating to 
Central America as a whole and to the separate republics of Costa Rica, 
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and San Salvador. 1800-1900. 

Maps. 

Mexico. Map of Mexico, from Mexican and other official sources, prepared 
in the Bureau of the American Republics. 1900. In two sheets: i, 
general map. 2, map showing agricultural features. Scale of 50 miles 
to I inch. 

In course of preparation: 

Maps of Brazil, Guatemala and Costa Rica. 



Wo'' 



X 



\'\U^ 



LE Ap '08 



